OVERVIEW

What is recurrent meningitis?

Recurrent meningitis is a relapsing, benign, aseptic meningeal infection, also known as "benign recurrent meningitis." The condition was described by a neurologist named Pierre Mollaret, hence it is also called "Mollaret's meningitis."

Recurrent meningitis is a rare disease characterized by repeated episodes of meningitis, each lasting 2–5 days before resolving spontaneously. The interval between episodes can range from weeks to years.

SYMPTOMS

What are the symptoms of recurrent meningitis?

Like other types of meningitis, recurrent meningitis also presents symptoms such as headache, nausea, vomiting, and neck stiffness.

Some individuals may experience temporary hallucinations, double or multiple vision, cranial nerve palsy, or seizures. Others may develop long-term issues with memory, balance, or coordination.

CAUSES

What are the causes of recurrent meningitis?

The most common infectious agent of recurrent meningitis is herpes simplex virus HSV-2, although some other viruses such as EBV may also cause recurrent meningitis.

Is recurrent meningitis hereditary?

No.

Is recurrent meningitis contagious?

Recurrent meningitis itself is not contagious, but the herpes simplex virus HSV-2 that causes it can spread between people, primarily through direct skin or mucous membrane contact and sexual transmission.

DIAGNOSIS

How is recurrent meningitis diagnosed?

Doctors will make a comprehensive judgment based on the history of recurrent episodes, the timing and manifestations of each episode, as well as blood tests and cerebrospinal fluid examination results.

What tests are needed for recurrent meningitis?

• Blood test: A blood sample is taken to check for infection based on indicators such as white blood cell count.

• Lumbar puncture: A needle is inserted into the lower back to extract cerebrospinal fluid for testing. This can identify the specific type of bacterial or viral infection and may also relieve symptoms like headaches and vomiting. This test is crucial for diagnosing and classifying meningitis, but it is an invasive procedure requiring patient and family consent. The patient must remain still during the procedure, and family members may need to provide comfort if necessary. After the puncture, the patient should lie flat without a pillow and rest for a period of time.

What diseases are similar to recurrent meningitis?

Since recurrent meningitis is mostly caused by viruses, it closely resembles viral meningitis. Clinicians will make a final diagnosis based on the history of recurrent episodes and cerebrospinal fluid examination results.

TREATMENT

Which department should I visit for recurrent meningitis?

Neurology.

Is it necessary to seek medical treatment for recurrent meningitis?

Not necessarily. Some patients with mild symptoms may recover on their own without hospitalization.

How is recurrent meningitis treated?

The antiviral drug acyclovir is commonly used for treatment. Doctors may also prescribe other medications based on individual conditions.

Is hospitalization required for recurrent meningitis?

Not always. Hospitalization may only be necessary if symptoms are severe.

What are the common side effects of medications for recurrent meningitis? Are long-term medications harmful to the body?

Common side effects of acyclovir include dizziness, headache, joint pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach discomfort, loss of appetite, thirst, and skin itching.

Long-term use may lead to acne, insomnia, menstrual irregularities, and repeated medication may cause viral resistance. Therefore, it must be taken under a doctor's supervision.

Can recurrent meningitis be cured?

Herpes viruses cannot induce permanent immunity in humans. After infection, the virus may remain latent in certain cells, making recurrence likely and a complete cure difficult.

DIET & LIFESTYLE

What should patients with recurrent meningitis pay attention to in daily life?

Wash hands frequently, ensure proper ventilation, maintain personal hygiene, and avoid cross-infection.

Does recurrent meningitis require follow-up examinations?

No follow-up is needed if discharged after full recovery.

Does recurrent meningitis affect fertility?

No.

Can patients with recurrent meningitis fly, engage in strenuous exercise, or travel to high-altitude areas?

Yes, after recovery.

PREVENTION

Can recurrent inflammation be prevented? How to prevent it?

• Maintain personal hygiene by washing hands frequently, bathing regularly, and changing clothes often.

• Ensure proper ventilation even in cold weather, as enclosed environments promote bacterial growth.

• Engage in regular exercise to boost immunity.

• Maintain a balanced and nutritious diet, avoiding picky eating habits.

How to prevent sequelae from recurrent meningitis?

Recurrent meningitis usually presents with mild symptoms and rarely leads to sequelae.